Mirabai Bhakti Saint, Devotional Poet, Mystic, Rani

Mirabai, a 16th century Indian royal, is known  more through legend than verifiable historic fact. The following biography is an attempt to report those facts of Mirabais life which are commonly accepted. Mirabai was known for her songs of devotion to Krishna and for forsaking traditional womens roles to devote life to Krishna-worship.  She was a Bhakti saint, poet and mystic, and also a  Rani  or princess. She lived from about 1498 to about 1545.  Her name has also been translated as Mira Bai, Meerabai, Meera Bai, Meera, or MÄ «rÄ bÄ Ã„ «, and she is sometimes given the honorific of  Mirabai Devi.   Heritage and Early Life Mirabais Rajputi grandfather, Rao Dudaj, created the fortress city of Merta, where Mirabais father, Ratan Singh, ruled. Mirabai was born in Merta  in the Kudki district of Pali, Rajasthan, India,  about 1498. The family worshipped Vishnu as their primary deity. Her mother died when Mirabai was about four, and Mirabai was raised and educated by her grandparents. Music was stressed in her education. At an early age, Mirabai became attached to an idol of Krishna, given to her (legend says) by a traveling beggar. Arranged Marriage At age 13 or 18 (sources vary), Mirabai was married to a Ranjputi prince of Mewar. Her new in-laws were upset with the time she spent at Krishnas temple. On the advise by letter of the poet Tulsidas, she left her husband and his family. Her husband died only a few years later. Unconventional Widow His family was shocked that Mirabai  did not commit sati, burning herself alive on her husbands funeral pyre, as was considered proper for a Rajputi princess (rani). Then they were further shocked when she refused to remain secluded as a widow and to worship his familys deity, the goddess Durga or Kali. Instead of following these traditional norms for a widowed Rajputi princess, Mirabai took up enthusiastic worship of Krishna as part of the Bhakti movement. She identified herself as the spouse of Krishna. Like many in the Bhakti movement, she ignored gender, class, caste, and religious boundaries, and spent time caring for the poor. Mirabais father and father-in-law were both killed as a result of a battle to turn away invading Muslims. Her practice of Bhakti worship horrified her in-laws and the new ruler of Mewar. The legends tell of multiple attempts on her life by Mirabais late husbands family. In all of these attempts, she miraculously survived: a poisonous snake, a poisoned drink, and drowning. Bhakti Worship Mirabai returned to her home city of Merta, but her family also opposed her turning from traditional religious practices to the new Bhaki worship of Krishnu. She later joined a religious community in Vrindaban, a place holy to Krishnu. Mirabais contribution to the Bhakti movement was primarily in her music: she wrote hundreds of songs and initiated a mode of singing the songs, a raga. About 200-400 songs are accepted by scholars as being written by Mirabai; another 800-1000 have been attributed to her. Mirabai did not credit herself as the author of the songs — as an expression of selflessness — so her authorship is uncertain. The songs were preserved orally, not written down until long after their composition, which complicates the task of assigning authorship. Mirabais songs express her love and devotion to Krishna, almost always as Krishnas wife. The songs speak of both the joy and the pain of love. Metaphorically, Mirabai points to the longing of the personal self, atman, to be one with the universal self, or paramatma, which is a poets representation of Krishna. Mirabai wrote her songs in Rajasthani and Braj Bhasa languages, and they were translated into Hindi and Gujarati. After some years of wandering, Mirabai died at Dwarka, another place sacred to Krishna. Legacy Mirabais willingness to sacrifice family respect and traditional gender, family, and caste restrictions, and to devote herself completely and enthusiastically to Krishna, made her an important role model in a religious movement that stressed ecstatic devotion and that rejected traditional divisions based on sex, class, caste, and creed. Mirabai was a loyal wife according to her peoples tradition only in the sense that she devoted herself to her chosen spouse, Krishna, giving to him the loyalty she would not give to her earthly spouse, the Rajput prince. Religion: Hindu: Bhakti movement Quotes (in translation): â€Å"I came for the sake of love-devotion; seeing the world, I wept.† O Krishna, did You ever rightly value my childhood love? â€Å"The Great Dancer is my husband, rain washes off all the other colors.†Ã‚   I danced before my Giridhara. / Again and again I dance / To please that discerning critic, / And put His former love to the test. I have felt the swaying of the elephants shoulders; / and now you want me to climb / on a jackass? Try to be serious.

Term Paper Catch Me If You Can - 3330 Words

|Catch Me If You can! | |Frank Abagnale Jr. – The Almost Perfect Bank Fraud | |Identity Theft Bank Fraud Analyzed | | Abstract Frank Abagnale Jr. was one of the most successful and prolific imposters and bank fraud criminals of our time. Here we will explore the how, why†¦show more content†¦Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, and Zimbelman (2009) emphasized that identity theft can have devastating consequences for its victims One could say he was impersonating a role not a specific individual, so who exactly was he harming? Well frankly, Frank was harming the organizations he defrauded, those who placed trust in him, the authorities, and truly anyone who â€Å"trusted† him in his official capacity he was portraying. I do not believe Frank Abagnale Jr. set out to intentionally harm his victims. However he did hurt many people in his frauds of identity theft and impersonations for personal gain. Some would say that Frank Jr’s crimes should have been caught onto sooner by the organizations he defrauded and by the authorities. Organizations could have taken steps to prevent Frank Abagnale Jr.’s identity frauds. A few folks did question documents and/or credentials that Frank Jr. presented but Frank Jr. would charm them into forgetting their questions or lack of confidence. When it came to young women and women in general Frank Jr. would make it about the girl and appeal to her feminine side to divert her attention from the business at hand. This of course worked easier with women but Frank Jr. was good at charming many people, men included. There a lot of things weren’t done that could have prevented Frank Jr’s impersonation/identity fraud crimes. 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Quick History Of Art Essay Paper Example For Students

Quick History Of Art Essay Paper Word Count: 1002Before the portrayal of the human body can be critiqued,you must understand the artists culture. As man evolvedover centuries, his views of the body also transformed. Ourtour definitely showed the drastic changes in differentcultures art. Each culture and era presents very distinctcharacteristics. Through time and experimentation, we haveexpressed our views of the human body clearly with ourart. Egyptians were the first people to make a large impacton the world of art. Egyptians needed art for their religiousbeliefs more than decoration or self- gratification. The mostimportant aspect of Egyptian life is the ka, the part of thehuman spirit that lives on after death. The ka needed aphysical place to occupy or it would disappear. Most ofthe important men of Egypt paid to have their body carvedout of stone. That was were the spirit would live after theman dies. They used stone because it was the strongestmaterial they could find. Longevity was very important. Thebodies a re always idealized and clothed. Figures are veryrigid, close-fisted, and are built on a vertical axis to showthat the person is grand or intimidating. Most of the figureswere seen in the same: profile of the legs, frontal view ofthe torso, and profile of the head. Like most civilizations,Egyptians put a lot of faith in gods. The sky god Horus, abird, is found in a great amount ! of Egyptian art. Littlerecognition was ever given to the artists. The emphasis wason the patron. Early Greek art was greatly influenced bythe Egyptians. Geography permitted both cultures toexchange their talents. The beginning of Greek art ismarked by the Geometric phase. The most common artduring the Geometric phase was vase painting. After thevase was formed but before it was painted, the artistapplied a slip (dark pigment) to outside. Then the vase wasfired and the artist would incise his decorations into thehard shell. It was important to incise humans into the firedslip and not paint with slip. The peo ple in the picturesneeded light colored skin, which was the color beneath theslip, because Greeks wanted to make their art as realisticas possible. Much like Egyptian art, the Greeks idealizedthe bodies of the people in their works. As the ArchaicPeriod evolved, Greek sculptures were almost identical tothe Egyptians. Unlike Egyptians, the Greeks refined theirtechniques. Greeks used marble to construct theirsculptures. It was considered more valuable and beautifulthan any material available. They softened the lines of thebody. Greek sculptors slowly perfected every contour inthe human figure. Greek people viewed the human body assomething beautiful and so they depicted nude men. Women were eventually nude but only when there was areason, they needed to be bathing or something where theywould be naked. They people that are sculpted are alwaysyoung and their bodies are still idealized. The Greeksinvented contrapposto, the relaxed natural stance of asculpture. A figure that is standing in contrappostobecomes a sculpture in the round, meaning that theemphasis is not only on a frontal view but also from allangles. The Hellenistic Period emerged as the Romansbegan to produce some of the finest art in history. This newrevolutionary style was incredible. Figures werent confinedto the unnatural or boring positions they had for centuries. All body parts were in perfect proportion. These statuescame alive as their limbs reached out into space. Vacantstares evolved into human emotions, which were easilyrecognized on their faces. I think this renaissance portrayedthe way people were thinking. They were exploringphilosophy, religion, and politics. This was a time forrebirth. Christian art was introduced during the middle ofthe second century. In many cases the only differencebetween Christian art and Hellenistic art is the religioussubject matter. After a slow start the Christians introducedsomething new, the mosaic. Mosaics became a favoritemedium for decorating churches. Man was viewed inreligious scenes due to the spread of Christianity. Byzantineand medieval art was very representative. The artists abilityto produce lifelike figures had regressed. The emphasis wasnot on man anymore. Their art was made to glorify God. .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 , .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .postImageUrl , .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 , .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4:hover , .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4:visited , .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4:active { border:0!important; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4:active , .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4 .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u930c1f1c40e8d3763134990c8bf97ea4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ripoff EssayThe fifteenth century marked the arrival of the Renaissance. Artists have finally recaptured the amazing detail andrealism that the Greeks and Romans perfected. Artistspushed the limits with new exciting mediums and brightcolors. Filippo Brunelleschi, allowed artists to determinethe relative size of each figure by inventing the vanishingpoint perspective. With that tool it was possible to puteverything in perfect proportion. Humans were not alwaysidealized as they were in earlier centuries. Many elderlypeople are found in the paintings. Neoclassical paintingscommonly showed contemporary garments and scenes. History painting became very popular. A larger transitionwas made when color was used to set a mood or expressinner feelings. Nothing like this had ever been considered. Man viewed his experiences as important stepping stones. To assure that experiences arent forgotten they werepreserved in artworks. Humans are often used in modernart. Although the people may appear very large orimportant, they are usually just vehicles used to convey amessage to the audience. In Segals Red Light, we saw aman walking alone in front of n old truck. The man was notcolored at all. He seemed to be sauntering across a streetat night. A feeling of depression or sadness surrounds theman. The human is not important but the emotion is. Mostof the modern art uses the human body to portray a feelingor emotion. Rarely will you find any new art that displays ahumans because they extraordinary. Romantic landscapingis incredible. The idea of most of these pieces is to showhow insignificant man is. Before humans were always thecenter of attention but now here they are almost trivial. Artists like Thomas Cole show us what is pure and simple. The paintings use a lot of color to create very natural,unaffected scenes. It seems that we come upon theselandscapes almost by accident. They depict ideal settingsthat are unscathed by the injustices of the world. In myopinion, the beauty of these works is unsurpassed by anyother art. Through the ages each culture had its owninterpretation of what the human body means. I have brieflyexplained a few of the broadest views of the human body. In order to explain one in great detail would take volumes. I thoroughly enjoyed Monas tour of the museum and Ihope to see her there again.